History of Computer
Before starting the History of Computer, First: Introduction to Computer: The term “computer” comes from the Latin word “compute,” which means to calculate. Thus, any calculating device logically fits the definition of a computer. The essence of computers is their ability to perform calculations. They have evolved from simple calculating machines to sophisticated devices that can process complex data. With advancements in technology, computers have become indispensable tools in various fields, including education, healthcare, and business. Understanding their fundamental purpose—calculation—gives insight into their broad applications in our daily lives. This article explores the origins and significance of computers.
Basic Block Diagram of Computer:
In a basic block diagram of a computer, input devices first receive data from the user. The data then flows to the CPU containing the ALU, CU, and Memory Unit. The ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations, while the CU manages instructions. The Memory Unit stores data temporarily. Finally, output devices display the processed information to the user, completing the cycle. Thus, this process ensures efficient data handling.
Development of Computer:
The development of computers is divided into two categories: Mechanical Era and Electronics Era. We’ll discuss the Mechanical Era first: Mechanical Computers were:
- Abacus
- Pascaline
- Analytics Engine
- Tabulating Machine
- Mark – 1
Abacus:
The Abacus, often called a counting frame, was one of the first mechanical calculating devices. Invented around the 16th century in China, the type of Abacus commonly used today revolutionized calculations. Tim Cranmer, known for creating the modern version of the Abacus, made significant advancements in 1962. While the inventor of the first Abacus remains unknown, this ancient tool has had a lasting impact on mathematics and computation. Additionally, the Abacus has evolved and is still used for calculations in various parts of the world. Therefore, understanding its history not only highlights its significance but also shows the ingenuity of early mathematicians and inventors.
Pascaline (First Mechanical Adding Machine):
Blaise Pascal, the great French philosopher and scientist, developed a popular mechanical calculator in 1642. This innovative device could perform addition and subtraction by turning wheels and dials. Pascal’s adding machine was a significant leap forward in the evolution of mechanical devices. By using this ingenious invention, people could efficiently handle mathematical calculations. Consequently, Pascal’s creation paved the way for future advancements in the field of computation. With its impact, this calculator remains a testament to Pascal’s ingenuity.
Analytical Engine (Charles Babbage):
Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, designed a mechanical computing machine to automate the computation of mathematical tables. Known as the “Father of the Computer,” Babbage invented the Difference Engine in the 1820s and later created the Analytical Engine (First General Purpose Computer) in 1837. His inventions laid the groundwork for modern computing. Consequently, Babbage’s contributions significantly advanced the field of computation, demonstrating his visionary genius. With these achievements, Babbage’s legacy continues to shape the technology we use today.
Tabulating Machine:
Herman Hollerith’s electromechanical tabulating machine summarized information on punched cards to efficiently process data for the 1890 US Census. This innovative machine could read one card at a time, significantly accelerating data handling. By revolutionizing data processing, Hollerith’s invention laid the foundation for modern computing and contributed to the development of future information technologies.
MARK – 1
In 1944, Howard Aiken of Harvard University, in collaboration with IBM, designed the first fully automatic calculating machine, Mark I. This groundbreaking machine utilized punched paper tape for programming and control. Consequently, Mark I played a crucial role during World War II. Automating complex calculations, significantly improved computational efficiency. Thus, Aiken’s invention marked a significant milestone in the history of computing, setting the stage for future advancements in the field.
That was it in the History of Computer in the mechanical Era. Now time for the Electronic Era. There were 4 computers:
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) (1946): It was developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. It was the first electronic digital computer. It was used for weather prediction and scientific research.
- EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer: developed by John M. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.
- EDSAC: (Electronic delay storage automatic calculator (1949): Invented by John Von Neumann (father of Computer Architecture. It was the first computer that provided storage capacity.
- UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) (1951): Invented by Eckert and John W. Mauchly. First general-purpose electronic computer with a large amount of input and output data. Storage was magnetic tape reels that held 1 MB.
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